physicist won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938, and was part of the team that produced the first nuclear reactor and the first atomic bomb, and the establishing of quantum theory (in English: Quantum Theory).
Fermi was professor of the nature of the University of Rome, very excited to reveal the secrets of the atom, and was famous in the scientific community for research audited by unveiling a race number (93) in the periodic table of elements arranged by Russian scientist Mendeleev in 1869. The element number (92 is the enrichment, which later became the fill is heard to be the reason for ending the war. The field of research that served by many scientists is to transform one element to another, as was the case in previous centuries when they tried to turn lead into gold, so I went all attempts in vain. at the time was Marie Curie has revealed a «radium» radioactive, and knew that because of this property, is appropriate to switch to another item. But the University of Rome were not able to afford to buy one gram of radium, for being by Fermi's research, as it was required (34) thousand dollars. but he did not stop and made attempts on the radioactive gas radon, which consists of the decomposition of radium, a gas that is available from other natural resources, as he stands inside a test tube with powder last, he found called radiation for several days and then stop, was this evidence to decompose. concluded Fermi that the tube works Kpndeghip to launch «Neutron» that do not bear any shipments of electric, so they called Mahaeidat, and he had to look for other elements to continue the experiments. and found its goal after the curse of the element fluorine, which gave the radiation is strong, are translated into extrusion element enrichment - which holds the number (92) in the table of elements - and found that it gives more of a radioactive element that a surface transition to a new element is not known.
Fled Fermi from the hands of fascism and tyranny of Nazism to America, Vtlagafth Columbia University in New York, as his reputation was preceded by that discovered the item number (93), and the New York Times story of the Italian who tried to destroy the uranium atom, and discovered a new element, and then was not scientific research have known that one element can have three pictures are united in the virtual properties and have other properties, which is what they called isotopes Isotopes. Shows that the element (93) is not an isotope of element (92) uranium, and therefore dispersed among Boozanha Agency, was (U 234, U 235, U-238). And found that most of these isotopes susceptible to splitting when shooting neutrons is the counterpart (U 235), but the obstacle was that the rate of low in uranium ore does not exceed (0.7)%, which hinders the use of the consignment as natural, necessary to raise this percentage to about 4% or 5 % and a process of «nuclear enrichment or Altthreyp» (English: Enrichment), so easily directed neutrons to the machines that you do so, and which was known since 1929 as accelerated Rahoi (namesake) (English: Cyclotron), designed by the American Ernest Lawrence, atoms in order to gain acceleration of centrifugal forces in the paths of helical accelerated.
But the exigencies of war, were not suitable for the United States of America to build the accelerator, and had sufficient uranium ore. But because it became a missionary near to success, after he suggested that Fermi could be dispensed with accelerated Rahoi what he called «the rubble» Pile, it has a fleet of planes flew in a sufficient amount of uranium ore from Canada and the Belgian Congo (now Zaire), and put at the disposal of Fermi initiated with fellow immigrant Hungary (Hungarian) Zylard Szilard in the building rubble to be an experimental alternative to the accelerated Rahoi.
Content
[Hide]
* 1 face rubble intelligently
* 2 at a crossroads
* 3 navigator arrived
* 4 atomic bomb
* 5 Source
[Edit] Cumulus intelligently address
Was a smart idea to rubble, is the lifeline that saved the Fermi Research, where the mayors and his colleague to a row of uranium layers on each other so interspersed with layers of graphite to smooth out the pace of the neutrons when they split uranium atoms. But this was nothing more than split the lab, while the Fermi ambitious aims to make it a split in the sequential progression, to achieve what Einstein the launch of the energy of the material in 1905, what is known as the theory of special relativity.
This approach Zaki campaign news that Hitler issued orders to all scientists to work in the research division of maize for use in the war. Tugging the Fermi traveled to Washington, DC, in an attempt to convince any of the officials the feasibility of adopting the notion that the bombing of a quantity of uranium could be thousands of times more powerful than any other bomber. And guided his thinking with his colleague Hungary that the most appropriate of the beats sounded the alarm to the authorities is Einstein himself, in view of his extensive scientific and links, as well as that familiar with what was happening in Germany, research in the same field.
Prepared Fermi letter urging President Franklin Roosevelt to adopt research bombing of corn and reached a decisive stage and before it, was signed by Einstein's letter in August 1939, after being added to paragraph intelligent, noted that the Germans have stopped selling uranium to other countries, an indication of on the progress of their research on maize, and concluded the letter by saying «The rights for the first time in history, will use energy that does not come from the sun».
Immediately President Roosevelt decided to form a committee «Affairs uranium», and then took the atomic research in the United States a new path, and the mobilization of Rahat scholars who have left Europe to escape the Nazi dictatorship, to complete their research, with extensive support from U.S. authorities. Among them was: Otto Hahn of Germany and the Danish Niels Bohr, James Chadwick Britain, and Otto Frisch and Anderson, Swiss, and Emilio undertaken by the Italian and French and Irène Joliot-les-Mitner Austria. Each of them has sold in the research chemistry and atomic physics, but it was the most enthusiastic is the «Fermi» because it was just around the corner from the splitting of the atom the idea of the rubble.
[Edit] Crossroads
In the December 7, 1941, there has been a radical shift in the course of the war, when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor without warning the U.S. in the process of sudden success, smashing over the bulk of the fleet Crouching in the waters of the Pacific Ocean. It was like a fatal blow to the prestige of America that its role was limited to the support of allies, the result was inevitable, the U.S. declaring war on Japan, Germany, Italy, rushed to declare war on them. As a result, intensified the race between the warring fronts, to gain access to the secrets of nuclear weapons, but the U.S. had gone too far. The starting point is before the Commission on its nuclear research, is to try to break the U-235 atoms, as well as that in 1941 succeeded the American scientist Edwin McMillan in the synthesis of the isotope uranium «U 239», which ended after a series of interactions of radiation to become plutonium-239, and make sure the possibility of splitting atoms, if Balniotrnat shot with slow speeds, and the glimmer of hope in the creation of a weapon can turn tide of the war. Therefore, U.S. government took a decision to maintain the confidentiality of nuclear research, and formed a military committee headed by General Leslie Groves L. Groves to organize and ensure confidentiality, and took the name Code-is the Manhattan Project. The Commission has made the military have several main objectives to achieve its mission, including scientific Trkizseaot in one university, rather than multiple, chose the University of Chicago in order to gather all the European and American scientists to continue research on the use of energy from the uranium atoms. At the same time to camouflage their mission, so as not detected by thousands of students, teachers, and to provide uranium ore from its natural resources in Canada, Congo, to collect a sufficient amount of further research, as well as raw materials, utilities such as graphite pure boron, cadmium, and the transfer coefficient, which started the operations of separating the isotope uranium 235, to produce plutonium for the first nuclear fission chain reaction. And were immediately transported debris «Fermi» pilot from Columbia University to the University of Chicago, to begin work in the hall was dedicated to the dance, also spread around the university, laboratories and warehouses required to compile the enrichment and pure graphite and cadmium.
To imagine how much enthusiasm in work, control the fission chain were linked cadmium rods into the piles of uranium and graphite ropes, so you can tighten the outside or the inside to control the rate of fission. When the votes were Geiger counters near the rubble, it was a sign of fission, and the success of the process control it even though it seemed primitive.
[Edit] Waterman arrived
This was done after less than two months the start of work, and on December 2, 1942 Specifically, the goal will be achieved, which make sure that the sharp increase in temperature inside the rubble. This success is the first of the results of the Manhattan Project, and flooded the joy scientists, Vobrkoa to the Government cryptographic message read: «Italian navigator arrived in the new minimum». And became on December 2, 1942 is the true generator, or rather «academic» to the era of maize and the control of its scientists. Immediately began to develop the ruins Fermi, to build a reactor there is the potential for more accurate, given the code name «X - 10» (x -10), to be the irradiation or enriched uranium, plutonium production, and equipped with water pumps to cool the heat that emanates from . In the time that began when scientists working in University of Chicago, bought the General «Groves» three open spaces in three different states away from the construction, and initiated the establishment of cities and confidential processing, and to develop plans to provide methods of work and subsistence and concealment, insurance and entertainment needed.
The first of these cities in the state of Tennessee next to a village called Oak Ridge Oak Ridge central United States, have been established around a set of factories required under the fictitious name is: «Company Clinton Engineering» (Clinton Engineering Co), and the task was to separate uranium 235 from uranium-238 process Altthreyp . To imagine the magnitude of the performance of these plants, it should be noted that one cost manufacturing magnet large size and weight similar to the weight a large ship, electric power, used by another plant, was equal to the energy consumed by New York City as a whole, was the largest U.S. manufacturing as a whole. The world continued to the U.S. «Lawrence» work in these factories are available to the required quantity of uranium 235, uranium 238 from the dismissal Altthreyp highly suitable for the manufacture atomic bomb.
Were also set up a second secret cities in the state of Washington near the Columbia River, in an area with no non-two small villages. Was held in the ruins of the first village consists of three huge piles of uranium 235 to plutonium. Held in the village while the second camp, large enough for the establishment of sixty thousand workers and their families, under the name of a placebo is «Hanford Engineering». The work of this great combination under strict security measures. When he had finished building the huge debris released until the camp workers and protect them against radiation, and for the same reason I take the rubble walls of thick concrete, lined with steel plates, to prevent leakage of radiation outside. This was the first to use the armor of radiation because it is different from what it was rubble, small pilot in Chicago. Were not allowed to split to be completed in the rubble, and stop payment of cadmium rods to control it as soon as signs of success of fusion. The piles of rubble, the three built next to the river, and worked large pumps to draw water from it, to cool the piles of rubble, and then divert the water flow after cooling to the valleys of the region to become a man-made lakes.
The third city of confidentiality, Vkdaktmmelt in a mountainous area far from the construction in northern New Mexico, and the nearest village, it lies at a distance of 80 km, and prepared the necessary premises for the establishment of the five scientists at the site called Los Alamos, Los Alamos, has painted installations in green so as not to differ planes from the surrounding grass, and imposed strict security measures over two and a half year, brings together scientists and the Stars was one Fermi. The gathering of these great minds, in the «Los Alamos» a sign that the American theater is ready to make the first atomic bomb, the integration of work with what has been in cities other confidential. And the successful separation of uranium 235, and the establishment of the three piles, and the production of a sufficient amount of plutonium,
Remaining task is the preparation for the experience of the first atomic bomb, the culmination of extraordinary efforts continued for over six years, and had spent more than two billion dollars. And had to be away from the «Los Alamos» a distance of approximately (350) kilometers in a place called Desert Alardo, where the tower was high, steel, and equipped with equipment to lift the atomic bomb to the top, and the bomb was the pilot containing one kilogram of uranium 235. At dawn on July 16, 1945 the bomb was dropped from the top of the tower, which she started after the energy fraction of a second. And disappeared within moments of the tower, with the roar of an explosion scary, and the light brighter than the sun. After half a minute storm wind turned the neighboring mountain peaks, while it rose in the sky thick cloud so high (12) km. The blast left a hole in the desert nearly a kilometer in diameter, and turned large tracts of sand to glass, and estimated the force of the explosion to be equivalent to bombing (20.000) tons of material (T. N. V). The dazzling scientists who have watched the explosion from their camp run, and through most of them reported that they did not expect that the energy is generated this much power, and that the results of such a scale, and be sure that mankind has entered a new era, and immediately charged the U.S. government a number of military preparation to guide the a retaliatory blow to Japan, in response to the massacre «Pearl Harbor».
[Edit] Atomic Bomb
On July 26, 1945, and sent America issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender within two days, The Prime Minister this requirement, he came to reply and at a quarter past eight on the morning of August 6, 1945 well after the ten days of warning to surrender, the world awoke to a disaster, the bombing of the atomic bomb The first, a campaign the U.S. Air Force bombers, B-- 29, and was shot down over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Only a three days until the bomb was thrown over the city of Njaasaki II, and the catastrophes even worse and more horrible, and immediately announced Japan to surrender.
الاستماع
قراءة صوتية للكلمات
الجنس
عدد المساهمات
النقاط
التقييم
العمل
موضوع: إنريكو فيرمي (29 أكتوبر 1901 - 28 نوفمبر 1954) فيزيائي إيطالي أمريكي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1938 
الأربعاء 1 سبتمبر 2010 - 11:46
العمر